Organizational Behaviour Data Collection Method

Question: Examine about theOrganizational Behavior for Data Collection Method. Answer: Presentation This examination exposition is significant to give a basic investigation of an article the basic difficulties confronting New Zealands CEOs: suggestions for the executives aptitudes that is composed by the writers Ann Hutchinson and Peter Boxall (Hutchison and Boxall, 2014). Alongside this, the exposition is useful to recognize an important theory explanation/question from the article. The paper exhibits the qualities just as shortcomings of the article in a proper manner. Besides, this examination exposition likewise valuable to express the key purpose of this investigation from the perspective of the peruser. Proposition Statement The proposition articulation of the article is: To find the difficulties that are looked by the CEOs of New Zealand in the usage of the board aptitudes and furthermore see that how these difficulties impact the administration capacity of overseeing vulnerability, partners, individuals, and constrained assets. Qualities and Weaknesses of the Article Based on the proposal articulation, there are various qualities just as shortcomings of this examination article. For case, the significant quality of this article is that, the writers utilized a powerful information assortment strategy to discover a suitable end for the issue. In this article, information assortment technique is utilized by the specialists to take care of the examination issue in a legitimate manner (Grant and Booth, 2009). For instance, in this examination article, the specialists included roughly 1000 associations to gather information and to get precise outcomes. Additionally, in the exploration, around 265 CEOs likewise took an interest to direct the examination in a compelling and a proper way. Alongside this, the study strategy is a suitable technique that assumes a critical job so as to gather current just as essential information that are identified with the issue. Aside from this, the overview strategy doesn't include past just as optional information data so as to tackle an exploration issue (Kulkarni, Aziz, Shams and Busse, 2009). Essential information are advantageous to improve the consistency just as believability of the article and to approve the discoveries or aftereffects of the exploration in a successful and a progressively far reaching way. What's more, open-finished inquiries, quantitative examination, legitimate inspecting and reaction pace of the exploration additionally highlight the quality of the article. Alongside this, the other significant quality of this exploration is that it likewise incorporates the auxiliary information and the consequences of recently led looks into to keep up the dependability and unwavering quality of the results of this examination article (Datta, Guthrie and Wright, 2005). In this examination article, the analysts likewise incorporate late articles and writers sees as references just to expand dependability of the exploration study. Then again, legitimate development of the exploration study, proper rundown of the references, and perfect clean composing style just as language are additionally the other significant qualities of the examination article. It is a direct result of the analysts and perusers can peruse and comprehend the examination article in a straightforwardness way (Lind on, Holmes and Nicholson, 2006). Aside from this, there are various shortcomings of this exploration article. For case, the fundamental shortcoming is that the point, targets, and speculation of the exploration are not announced in a reasonable manner. In addition, the scientists didn't express the factors types in the examination obviously that is likewise the different shortcoming of this exploration study. As it were, it additionally can be said that, the scientists didn't make reference to that they utilized free factors or ward factors to direct the examination study. This kind of vulnerability negatively affects the consistency and legitimacy of the exploration results (Wright, Brand, Dunn and Spindler, 2007). Basic Evaluation of Article In the exploration article, the writers satiated that, the executives capacities are basic for the country. In addition, three essential arrangements of the executives aptitudes, for example, overseeing vulnerability recharging, overseeing partners accomplices, and overseeing individuals inner assets are likewise required. Alongside this, the creators likewise said that, in todays progressed innovative and quickly changing business time, the CEOs of New Zealand face a ton of difficulties and furthermore unfit to offer help to the partners (Johnson and Christensen, 2010). Then again, in view of the segment wave of child of post war America retirements, the CEOs face a war for ability at national just as universal level; and this is impacting the authority positions business firms. Also, in the private division, CEOs of New Zealand are executing and reframing their plans of action so as to meet quick paced and dubious changes of the organizations. Moreover, in the general population just as not-revenue driven associations, CEOs are changing their financing on which they have little control. It is a direct result of with the assistance of this, they would have the option to improve their subsidizing in a levels of popularity and increasing costs condition (Goddard and Melville, 2004). Alongside this, in the examination article, the specialists communicated exact finding that the present business condition has made various significant difficulties for the board that are impacting the administration their capacities in a negative manner. The article additionally depicted that the issues that New Zealands CEOs are confronting are identified with the recharging and rebuild of the associations. In this circumstance, oversees must have better capacities so they can de al with all these efficient issues in a viable and a proper way (Hutchinson and Boxall, 2014). In addition, HR experts must concentrate on the ability improvement and appropriate preparing of the representatives; so they can manage the interior and outer difficulties in a huge manner. Perspective about the Article In this examination article, the scientists utilized past investigations to depict the present difficulties that are looked by the CEOs of New Zealand. This article is exceptionally useful to me so as to welcome the above characterized proposition articulation and the examination point or issue in a suitable manner. Alongside this, in this exploration article, the specialists applied an immediate technique for information assortment, for example, study poll that improved my comprehension about the information assortment strategy (Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). Besides, the ends or results, writing survey, information assortment and testing method additionally improve my insight and aptitudes about the article. Then again, the creators Hutchinson and Boxall (2014) expressed that, in todays progressed innovative period, the CEOs of New Zealand are confronting various business challenges. In addition, the creators included present and past information (around past fifteen years information) to outline all the issues looked by the CEOs in an exact manner. Alongside this, the issue explanation of the article is elegantly composed and consequently I am ready to perceive the exploration issue or subject in an appropriate manner. Besides, in the examination study, the specialists included legitimate writing survey and information assortment techniques to discover wanted outcomes or end (Kuada, 2012). The composing style and dialects of the article is adjusted and completely justifiable by the perusers. Aside from this, I saw that, the main powerless purpose of this examination study is that, the creators didn't present the exploration destinations, points, questions and speculation in a legitimate way. Yet, writing audit, information assortment strategy, information investigation with diagram/graph, survey reaction, and results of this examination study are advantageous to improve my insightful, aptitudes and capacities in a proper way (Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006). Along these lines, this exploration article is advantageous for the perusers to improve their aptitudes, understandings, and information in a successful and a noteworthy way. Concur/Disagree with the Thesis Statement I do concur with the theory explanation of the article. There are various explanations for this. For case, the postulation articulation centers around the difficulties that are looked by the CEOs of New Zealand in the usage of the board aptitudes. Similarly, the examination study clears something very similar in its decision. It shows that the theory proclamation is exact and taking into account that (Hutchison and Boxall, 2014). Alongside this, I am concur on account of the facts confirm that in todays quickly changing and innovative time, business firms face a great deal of difficulties to do organizations. In this circumstance, they are required to reframe and adjust their operational just as business exercises to get by in the commercial center. Additionally, I am likewise concur with the proposal articulation as a result of the article speaks to and clarifies the difficulties that are looked by the CEOs of private, open, and not-revenue driven associations in a reasonable and no rmal manner. What's more, the finding of the article; that the CEOs need to create three major administration abilities to oversee vulnerability, partners and constrained assets is additionally objective and dependent on reasons (Vigoda-Gadot, 2007). Consequently, I do concur with the proposal explanation of the article. End On the reason of the postulation proclamation and assessment of the article, it tends to be accepted that, in todays increasingly perplexing and confused business time, the CEOs of New Zealand are confronting a great deal of business challenges that are impacting the achievement of the associations. Alongside this, the characterized postulation articulation is identified with the subject of the article and furthermore defends the key purposes of research finding. Besides, proper information assortment strategies, information investigation, educated survey and exact discoveries are the significant qualities of the examination st

Base Multiplier Approach to Money Supply

Base Multiplier Approach to Money Supply Generally, it has been demonstrated questionably that cash gracefully is resolved utilizing the base multiplier approach. ‘The multiplier model of the cash flexibly, initially created by Brunner (1961) and Brunner and Meltzer (1964) has gotten the standard model to clarify how the arrangement activities of the Central Bank impact the cash stock’â [1] . Nonetheless, there is more than adequate proof to propose that fiscal specialists don't decide the cash gracefully and that the progression of assets approach bodes well. Thus, I will investigate the base multiplier and the progression of assets ways to deal with the assurance of cash gracefully and figure out which happens in all actuality taking into account the present monetary atmosphere. Under the base multiplier approach, the financial power (Bank of England) ‘sets the size of the fiscal base, which thus decides the load of expansive cash as a numerous of the base’.â [2] Â This process is portrayed beneath: Ms = Cp + Dc (Equation 1) In the condition above, Ms alludes to the wide cash flexibly, Cp alludes to private division (barring banks) notes and coins and Dc alludes to bank stores. The following condition is for the financial base (B) is as per the following: B = Cb + Db + Cp (Equation 2) In Equation 2, Cb alludes to banks’ notes and coins while Db alludes to stores with the Bank of England. Both joined they can be called saves R and can be subbed into the condition above to shape Equation 3. B = R + Cp (Equation 3) The amount of cash would now be able to be communicated as a numerous of the base as follows:â [3] Â (Equation 4) The following stage is to partition through by bank stores to get the Equation 5 as follows: If = Þâ ± and = Þâ ², at that point the condition above becomes Equation 6 beneath: The image Þâ ± is the private sector’s money proportion, while Þâ ² speaks to bank saves. Under the multiplier approach the cash gracefully condition is then acquired by duplicating the two sides of the condition with the money related base B. Hence, Equation 7 turns into: The basis behind this is expecting Þâ ± and Þâ ² are fixed or stable, the cash gracefully is ‘a various of the financial base and can change just at the attentiveness of the specialists since the base comprises totally of national bank liabilities. The Flow of Funds approach says that cash provided is controlled by open market tasks. It presents the contrary view to the multiplier approach as those in favor accept that different components decide the gracefully of cash, not fiscal specialists or policymakers, it takes a gander at the interest for cash not simply the flexibly side. They likewise accept that banks can acquire saves from national banks as required and are not a limitation. Under this methodology credit or advances credit by the private segment make stores and not the other route round as set forward by the base multiplier a pproach. The progression of assets model of cash gracefully assurance is as per the following: Ms = Cp + Dc, a similar meaning of wide cash flexibly as was utilized in the base multiplier approach (Equation 8) The following condition centers around the adjustments in cash flexibly, i.e:

The first of the lasts

The first of the lasts Although I do make active attempts to avoid goopiness and introspection, sometimes they creep into my life nonetheless. (Im the daughter of a woman who cries at telephone commercials, and Im actively trying to avoid my fate as a hopeless goop myself. Im not being particularly successful I cried at every single movie I saw in theatres in 2005. While this includes legitimately sad movies like Star Wars, it also encompasses completely not-sappy movies like March of the Penguins and Sahara.) Today was my last Registration Day, when all MIT students visit their advisors to confirm their course schedules for the upcoming term. My advisor, Earl Miller, was out of town today, so the Brain and Cognitive Sciences undergraduate administrator, Jason, signed my form and double-checked with me that Ive taken care of all my graduation requirements. On my way to turn in my form (to the lovely Jessie, I might add), I ran into my friend Akhil 05 MEng 06, who is the only other person from my high school to ever get into MIT. As we were gossiping about people with whom we went to high school, our friend Laura 06 caught up with us. Were all graduating, so naturally the conversation turned to our plans for next year. Akhil is getting his masters in course 6 (EECS) in June, and has accepted a position with an investment banking firm in Chicago. Laura is getting a bachelors degree in course 6 (EECS) and one in course 15 (management), and is going to law school she currently has acceptances from NYU and Georgetown, and is waiting on others. Im getting two bachelors degrees one in course 9 (brain and cognitive sciences) and one in course 7 (biology), and Im heading to a PhD program in biology. And its all super-weird. Life gets very different very fast as you go through your senior year something many of you are probably realizing as you go through your senior year of high school but its even weirder in college. All the juniors are still worried about grades and parties and whos going to be president of which club next year and my friends and I are looking at our honest-to-goodness grown-up futures. We still have one foot in the college world, but were starting to realize that we have one foot in the real world (insofar as graduate school is the real world, of course). And it makes me feel excited well, excited and scared. Not to mention extraordinarily grateful for the education Ive received at MIT which has prepared me for these awesome PhD programs which are recruiting me, but really, were going to leave the rest of that thought for a later day. (If I get started on all the things MIT has done for me as a student and as a person, Im really not going to be able to stanch the flow of goop.) Okay, were done with sentimentality for the day. Onward to more pressing matters! Questions! 1. Thanks everybody for your birthday wishes! I had a good birthday, but Im awfully glad to be back in Boston. (And Bryan, Ghirardelli Square was most definitely a stop on our SF tour. Right after the Fishermans Wharf sea lions.) Doesnt 22 sound awfully dignified? 2. Aditya asked Is the program composed of self-starters, with very little peer pressure to work hard, or do students in the program encourage each other to work hard? Id love an answer to that relevant to MIT.. Actually, I was planning to write on that tonight (before sentimentality about this being my last Reg Day set in) I think thats a very important topic that few people really seem to consider. Next time, I promise! 3. Sam (not this Sam) asked when you can start a UROP. You can definitely start one in your first term at MIT, providing that you can find a faculty member who wants to work with you. Generally, people who start UROPs in their first term have prior research experience, although my Adam 07 started UROPing his first term freshman year, and hed never researched before. Starting the summer before freshman year might be a little trickier (just because youd have to make sure you could move into MIT campus housing early), but again, if you find a professor whos willing to take you, it shouldnt be a problem. 4. Shannon asked if Adam and I are engaged. No, were not (although I just said to Adam, One of my blog readers asked if we were engaged, and his response was Pretty much.) However, by the end of 2006 I think the answer to that question will be quite different. :) (Oh god, so much goop in one entry. Its killing me.) 5. Shen said I know about that having a masters degree in the pure sciences really doesnt amount to much (particularly since my chem teacher has both a BS and PhD but not an MS), but how about engineering? In engineering, a masters degree is much more useful in fact, in many disciplines, you need a masters to get competitive engineering jobs. You wouldnt get a PhD in engineering, though, unless you wanted to become a professor. 6. Anonymous asked, I was just wondering, how much time did you spend in the lab during a typical week? Thanks! During IAP and summer, I work in the lab 40 hours a week. During term, it depends on how many classes Im taking sophomore year I worked about 10-12 hours a week, junior year I worked about 15, and this term Im actually going to be working about 18-20. (I like working in the lab. To be honest, I like working in the lab better than I like taking classes.)

Political Art Essay - 1400 Words

The cultural frame considers social issues such as politics, economics and environmental concerns. Meaning in cultural artworks is understood from a social perspective and may relate to such issues as race, cultural identity, multiculturalism, gender, beliefs and values. Artists usually reflect the issues in society may they be social, political, racial, environmental or sexual. Specific movements and styles have been produced as a result. There is a greater integration between art and community as art adopts a critical role in society. Traditional artists use to focus on the material practice, but postmodernism changed that as they focused on the concept and ideas. It is the idea that has come to dominate the form of much art and this has†¦show more content†¦The painting caused deep controversy, artistically and politically. Guernica was the event that was the catalyst for the painting, where the destruction of the Basque capital happened. Combined with the distorted image ry and colour scheme, the painting is confronting as the shapes, which form characters, and animals are emotionally and physically scattered. His individuals and animals are both highly distinctive and symbolic. The large size of the work (350 – 777cm) and the restricted colour scheme of blacks, greys blues and whites increase the visual impact of the artwork. Artists felt compelled to use a more abstract and dehumainsed form-language to cope with it. The mural size painting executed in 1937 to memorialize the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica and created a work that expresses multiple perceptions of a single catastrophic event. The painting describes the bombing in terms of modern new, sky-borne methods of terror Otto Dix (1891 – 1969, German), together with George Grosz, he created the style Die Neue Sachlichkeit [New Objectivity], a form of social realist art, which examined the corruption, and social inequality of post-war German society. With the rise of the National Socialists in 1933, Dix was dismissed from this teaching at the Dresden Academy. He moved to Lake Constance and was only allowed to paint if he agreed to paint landscapes rather than political subject matter. Dix was conscripted into the army during World War II and inShow MoreRelatedPolitics And Language In Animal Farm, By George Orwell720 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell was a political writer who made it his life’s goal to expose the injustices he saw in the world. He does this through the many novels and essays he writes. Animal Farm, one of his better known pieces, depicts the hardships faced by a group of farm animals in an attempt to claim the farm that had been exploiting them for the entirety of thei r lives. His fable is written as an allegory to comment on the Russian Revolution and to warn his audience of the corruption that entails power;Read MoreWhy I Write By George Orwell912 Words   |  4 Pages In George Orwell’s â€Å"Why I Write†, he explains the different motives rhetors have when writing books, essays, poems, etc. He explains where he falls on the spectrum of reasons for writing and how his motives have changed and transformed over the course of his lifetime. In the introduction of Orwell’s essay, he explains that he knew from a very young age that he was meant to be a writer, but that he chose to abandon that idea. In doing so, he felt that he was â€Å"outraging his true nature†. This phraseRead MoreDefining Characteristic Of Berlin Dada ; A Vital Interwar Period Movement1424 Words   |  6 PagesPhotomontage is a defining characteristic of Berlin Dada; a vital interwar period movement, which primarily took place between 1915 and 1924. 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This essay will start from Walter Benjamin’s consideration about the impact of mechanical reproduction of art as revolutionizing its social function and will describe the noticeable validity of his theory in the contemporary world. By introducing three artworks that belong to different historical periods, namelyRead MoreA Lexical Pragmatic Analysis of Proverbs in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel.1504 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay is a pragmatic reading of moral and socio-political decadence in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel. It does this by analyzing ten out of twenty-five proverbs deployed in the text. In analyzing the proverbs, this essay observes that each has at least an ad hoc constituent which requires semantic modulation to get at the meanings of the proverbs. This modulation is not arbitrary, but contextually negotiated until the reader reaches his optimal relevance. 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The origins of this movement can be traced back to the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle and the writings of AugusteRead MoreNgugi Freedom Of The Artist1416 Words   |  6 Pages Galileo as a Part of Ngugi Wa Thiong’s essay â€Å"Freedom of the Artist† Ramanjot Kaur Medicine Hat College ENG252 Dr. Navneet Kumar December 1, 2017 â€Å"Art for art’s sake view sets the artist free, and enables them to be more creative in art, it helps their piece of art being purified from the restricted doctrines of ordinary life. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o was one of the important follower of â€Å"Art for art’s sake† view. Ngugi in his essay aspires to make artists conscious about their

Cultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology

Ch1: Describe the similarities between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology. Describe the differences between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology. Cross cultural psychology and cultural psychology are two fields of psychology that are often confused. Cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology have many similarities and they differ in a few areas. Cross-cultural psychology is a comparative field of psychology that studies the cultural effects on human psychology. A cross-cultural study draws its conclusions from at least two samples of at least two different cultures and compares them in order to examine underlying reasons for diversity between the cultures, as well as the universals that each culture shares with another. Cultural psychology seeks to find the meaningful links between a culture and the psychology of the individuals living within that culture. Cultural psychologys main message is that human behavior is only meaningful when youre studying the behavior of individuals within the particular sociocultural, or in the culture in wh ich the behavior occurs. The comparisons that cross-cultural psychology makes about each culture must begin with cultural studies. Cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology both study the effects of cultural norms on human psychology, as well as patterns of thinking, feelings, and actions that they display whereas cross-cultural psychology identifies the similarities and dissimilaritiesShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Psychology1160 Words   |  5 PagesCross-Cultural Psychology Samantha Mortinsen 9/18/2011 Psy/450 Dorothy Rodwell Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture, we all have grown up knowing one, or at times more than one, kind of culture. Everyone has different beliefs and ways of doing things and this usually has to do with our culture and the way we have been raised and brought up. This type of psychology looks into these many different cultures and studies how they affect us as humans and our development, mental processes, and behaviorRead MoreCross-Cultural Psychology1179 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Cross-Cultural Psychology Charlene Marasco PSY/450 Sally Fleming March 28, 2011 Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology is an interdisciplinary program of research that explores the relationship between individual minds and the complex environments in which they are deployed. The approach focuses on theRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology And Social Psychology1723 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 13 Signature Assignment Cross-cultural psychology involves the examination of relationships between cultural context and human behavior (Berry, Poortinga, Breugelmans, Chasiotis and Sam, 2011, p. 2). Research in the area of cross-cultural psychology is aimed at comparing specific covert and overt behaviors of two or more cultures. 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Good Leaders Are Made Not Born Free Essays

string(65) " different approach than one with a  high degree of  motivation\." A PROJECT REPORT ON BEHAVIOURAL ASPECT OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOURAL ASPECT OF LEADERSHIP BUSINESS SCHOOL OF DELHI GREATER NOIDA SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: PROF. VEENU ARORA ROHIT KUMAR PGDM(2011-13) INTRODUCTION Good leaders are made not born . If you  have the desire and will power ,you can become an effective leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Good Leaders Are Made Not Born or any similar topic only for you Order Now good leaders develop through a never-ending process of self study, education, training and experience. This guide will help you through that process. to inspire your people into higher  levels of teamwork, there are certain things you  must be, know ,and ,do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work  and study. The best leaders are continually working and  studying to improve their leadership skills. Before we get started, les define leadership. Leadership is  a complex process by which a person influences others to accomplish a mission, task or objective  and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. A person carries out this process by applying his or  her leadership attributes (belief, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills). Although your position as a  manager, supervisor, lead, etc. s and objectives in the organization, this power does not make you a leader†¦ it simply makes you the boss. Leadership makes people  want to achieve high goals and objectives, while, on  the other hand, bosses tell people to accomplish a  task or an objective. Bass’ (1) theory of leadership states that there  are three basic ways to explain how people become  leaders, the first two explain the leadership development for a small  number of people. These theories are: Some personality traits  may lead people naturally into leadership  roles. Tg is  is THE  TRAIT THEORY. Crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is THE GREAT EVENT THEORY. People can choose to become leaders. People can learn  leadership skills. This is THE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY. It is most widely accepted theory today and the premise  on which this guide is based. When a person is deciding if  he respects you as a leader, hedoes not think about your attributes. He observes what you do so that he can know who you really are. He uses this observation to tell if you are an honourable and trusted leader, or a self serving person who misuses his or her  authority to look good and get promoted. Self serving leaders are not as effective  because their employees only obey them, not  follow them. They succeed in many areas because they present a good image  to their seniors at the expense of their  people. The basis of good leadership is honorable character and selfless service to your organization . In  your employees’ eyes,  Your leadership is everything you do that  affects the organizations objectives and their well being. A  respected leader concentrates on what she is [be] (beliefs  and character), what she knows job, tasks, human nature), and what she  does (implement, motivate, provide direction). What makes a person follow a leader? People want to guided by those they respect and those who  have a clear sense of direction. to gain respect, they must be ethical. A sense of direction is achieved by conveying a strong vision of the  future. TWO MOST IMPORTANT KEYS OFLEADERSHIP Hay’s study examined over 75 key components of  employee satisfaction. They found that: trust and confidence in  top leadership was the single most reliable  predictor of employee satisfaction in an organization. Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was  the key to win  organizational trust and confidence: helping the employees understand the company’s overall business strategy. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key  business objectives. Bring information with employees on both  how the company is doing and how an own  employee’s division is doing -relative to strategic business objectives. So basically, you must be trustworthy and you  have to be able to communicate a vision of where you are going. Notice how the â€Å"PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP† in the next section closely ties in with this. HUMAN RELATIONS The six most important words: â€Å"i admit i made a mistake. â€Å"The five most important words: â€Å"you  did a good job. â€Å"The four most important words: â€Å"what is  your opinion. â€Å"The three most important words: â€Å"if you please. â€Å"The two most important words: â€Å"thank  you. â€Å"The one most important word: â€Å"we. â€Å"The least most important word: PRINCIPLE OF LEADERSHIP TO HELP YOU BE, KNOW, AND DO, (2) FOLLOW THESE ELEVEN principles of leadership (later sections will expand on  gaining an insight into these principles and  providing tools to perform them):Know yourself and seek self-improvement means continually strengthening your attributes. This can be accomplished through reading, self-study, classes, etc. be technically proficient. As a leader, you must know your job and have a solid familiarity with your employees’ jobs. Seek responsibility and take  responsibility of your actions. Search for ways to guide  your organization to new heights. And when things go wrong, they will sooner or later, do not blame others. Analyze the  situation, take corrective action, and move on to the next challenge. Make sound and timely decisions. Use good problem solving, decision making and planning tools. Set the example. Be a good role model for  your employees. They must not only hear what they are expected to do but also see. Know your people and  look out for their well-being. Know human nature and importance of sincerely  caring for your workers. Keep your people informed. Know how to communicate with your people within the organization. Develop a sense of responsibility in  your people. Develop good character traits within your people that will help them carry out their professional responsibilities. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished. Communication is the key to this responsibility. Train your  people as a team. Although many so called leaders call their  organization, department, section, etc. A team; they are not really teams†¦ they are just a group of people doing their jobs. Use the  full capabilities of your organization. By developing a team spirit, you will be able to employ your organization, department, section, etc. to its fullest capabilities FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP The four major factors of leadership are †¦.. THE FOLLOWER: Different people require different styles of  leadership. For example,  a new hire requires  more supervision than an experienced employee. A person with  a different attitude requires a different approach than one with a  high degree of  motivation. You read "Good Leaders Are Made Not Born" in category "Essay examples" You must know  your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human  nature: needs, emotions, and motivation. You must know your employees’ be, know and do attributes. LEADER:  You must have an honest understanding of who you  are, what you know, and what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader who determines  if a leader is  successful. If a follower does no it trust or lacks confidence in his or her leader, then she will be uninspired. To be successful you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your supervisors, that you are worthy of being followed. COMMUNICATION: You lead through two way  communication. Much of it is non-verbal. For instance, when you â€Å"set the example,† that communicates to your people that you would no task them to perform anything that you would not be willing to do. What and how you communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your employees. SITUATION: All situations are different. What you  do in one leadership situation will not always work in another situation. You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee  for inappropriate behavior, but the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective . ATTRIBUTES if you are a leader  that can be trusted, then the  people around you will learn to respect you. To be a good leader, there are things thtu must be, know, and do. these fall under the  leadership framework: BE a professional. BE a professional who possess good character traits. KNOW the four factors of leadership- follower, leader, communication, situation. KNOW yourself . KNOW human nature KNOW your job KNOW your organization. DO provide direction. DO implement. DO motivate. Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning The Tuck man model(2)shows the five stages that teams go through: from Forming to Storming to Norming to Performing to Adjourning. Forming In the Forming stage, team members are introduced. They state why they were chosen  or volunteered for the team and what they hope to accomplish within the team. Members cautiously explore the boundaries of acceptable group behavior. This is a stage of transition  from individual to member status, and of testing the leader’s guidance both formally and informally. Forming includes these feelings and behaviors: Excitement, anticipation, and optimism. Pride in being chosen for the  project A tentative attachment to the team Suspicion and anxiety about the job. Defining the tasks and how they will be accomplished. Determining acceptable group behavior. Deciding what information needs to be gathered. Abstract discussions of the concepts and issues, and for some members, impatience with  the discussions. There will be difficulty in identifying some of the relevant  problems. Because there is so much  going on to distract members’ attention in the beginning, the team accomplishes little, if anything, that concerns it’s project goals. This is perfectly normal. Storming During the team’s transition from the â€Å"As-Is† tothe â€Å"To-Be,† is called the Storming phase. All members have their own ideas as to how theprocess should look, and personal agendas arerampant. Storming is probably the most difficultstage for the team. They begin to realize thetasks that are ahead are different and  moredifficult than they imagined. Impatient about thelack of progress, members argue about just whatactions the team should take. They try to relysolely on their personal and professionalexperience, and resist collaborating with most  of  the other team members. Storming includes these feelings and behaviors:Resisting the tasks. Resisting quality improvement approachessuggested by other members. Sharp fluctuations in attitude about the teamand the project’s chance of success. Arguing among members even when they agreeon the real issues. Defensiveness, competition, and choosing sides. Questioning the wisdom of those who selectedthis project and appointed the other  membersof the team. Establishing unrealistic goals. Disunity, increased tension, and jealousy. The above pressures mean that team  membershave little energy to  spend on progressingtowards the team’s goal. But they  are beginningto understand one another. This phase sometimestakes 3 or 4 meetings before arriving at theNorming phase. Norming The Norming phase is when the team reaches aconsensus on the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"To-Be† process. Everyonewants to share the  newly found focus. Enthusiasmis high, and the team is tempted to go beyond theoriginal scope of the process. During this stage,members reconcile competing loyalties andresponsibilities. They accept the team, teamground rules, their roles in the team, and theindividuality of fellow members. Emotionalconflict is reduced as previously competitiverelationships become more cooperative. Norming includes these feelings and behaviors:An ability to express criticism  constructively. Acceptance of membership in the team. An attempt to achieve harmony  by avoidingconflict. More friendliness, confiding in each other, andsharing of personal problems. A sense of team cohesion, spirit,  and goals. Establishing and maintaining team ground rules and boundaries. As team members begin to work out their differences, they now have more time  and energy to spend on the project. Performing The team has now settled its relationships andexpectations. They can begin performing bydiagnosing, solving problems, and choosing andimplementing changes. At last team membershave discovered and accepted each  other’sstrengths and weakness, and learned what theirroles are. Performing includes these feelings andbehaviors:Members have insights into personal and  groupprocesses, and better understanding of eachother’s strengths and weakness. Constructive self-change. Ability to prevent or work  through groupproblemsClose attachment to the teamThe team is now an effective, cohesive unit. Youcan tell when your team has reached this stagebecause you start getting a lot  of work done. Adjourning The team briefs and shares the  improved processduring the this phase. When the team finallycompletes that last briefing, there is always abittersweet sense of accomplishment coupledwith the reluctance to  say good-bye. Manyrelationships formed within these teams continuelong after the team disbands TEAM VS GROUP There are several factors that separate teamsfrom groups. Roles and  Responsibilities Within a group, individuals establish a set of  behaviors called roles. These roles setexpectations governing relationships. Roles oftenserve as source of confusion and conflict. Whileon the other hand, teams have a sharedunderstanding on how to perform their role. These roles include: leader, facilitator,timekeeper, and recorder. Identity While teams have an identity, groups do not. It isalmost impossible to establish the sense of  cohesion that characterizes a team without thisfundamental step. A team has a  clearunderstanding about what constitutes the team’s’work’ and why it is  important. They can describea picture of what the team needs to achieve, andthe norms and values that will guide them Cohesion Teams have an esprit that shows a sense of  bonding and camaraderie. Esprit is the spirit,soul, and state of mind of the team. It is theoverall consciousness of the team that  a personidentifies with and feels  a part of. Individualsbegin using â€Å"we† more than â€Å"me. † Facilitate Groups have a tendency to get bogged down withtrivial issues. Ask yourself, â€Å"How much time getswasted in meetings you attend? † Teams usefacilitators to keep the team on the right path. Communication While members of a group are  centered uponthemselves, the team is committed to opencommunication. Team members feel they canstate their opinions, thoughts, and feelingswithout fear. Listening is considered as importantas speaking. Differences of opinion is valued andmethods of managing conflict are understood. Through honest and caring feedback, membersare aware of their strengths and weakness  asteam members. There is an  atmosphere of trustand acceptance and a sense of community. Flexibility Most groups are extremely rigid. Teams, howevermaintain a high level of flexibility, and theyperform different task and maintenance functionsas needed. The responsibility for teamdevelopment and leadership is shared. Thestrengths of each member are identified  andused. Morale Team members are enthusiastic about the work of  the team and each person feels pride in being a 16 ember of the team. Team spirit is high. To be asuccessful team, the group must have a  strongability to produce results and a  high degree of  satisfaction in working with one  another. Working With Other TeamMembers Although we are like in many ways, we are dislikein a lot more ways. Humans have always tried toclassify things, includ ing themselves. This sectionuses a popular categorizer by placing people intofour styles – Driver, Persuader, Analyzer,Organizer. (note that the names will vary widelydepending upon the creator of the chart). It  doesthis by charting them on two dimensions – tasksand emotions. People gets results on tasksbetween two extremes – expedience andprocesses. People use emotions in dealing withothers through two extremes – controlled orresponsive. In the chart below, the twodimensions are shown under the profile Character: Be a piece of the  rock †¢ Charisma: The first impression can seal the deal. †¢ Commitment: It seperates doers from  dreamers †¢ Communication: without it you travel alone †¢ Competence: if you build it they will come †¢ Courage: one person with courage is a  majority †¢ Discernment: put an end to  unsolved mysteries †¢ Focus: the sharper it is, the sharper you are †¢ Generosity: your candle loses nothing when it lights another †¢ Initiative: you wont leave home without it †¢ Listening: to connect with their hearts use your ears 43 †¢ Passion: take this life and love it †¢ Positive attitude: if you believe you can, you can †¢ Problem solving: you cant let  your problems be a problem †¢ Relationships: if you get along they will go along †¢ Resposibility: if you wont carry the ball you wont lead theteam †¢ Security: competence never compensates for insecurity †¢ Self-discipline: the first person you lead is you †¢ How to cite Good Leaders Are Made Not Born, Essay examples

Is There a Moral Obligation to Obey the Law free essay sample

Classical natural theory asserted that the validity of a rule necessarily depends on whether it conforms to moral standards because those who do â€Å"bind in conscience†. Law plays a normative role in such a theory. On the opposite, positivists such as John Austin or H. L. A Hart believe that the legality of law is independent from moral considerations and is only a matter of factual requirements. Positivism highlighted this view with their separation thesis in which one cannot assert a law is just because it has the status of law nor that one can guarantee that a subject ought to do what the law requires. The essential property of the law which is promulgation (whether in Austin’s thesis the focus is put on who promulgates the law – the sovereign or Hart’s analyses of how it is promulgated – after it satisfies a set of secondary rules) does not give rise to a moral obligation. We will write a custom essay sample on Is There a Moral Obligation to Obey the Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These theorists indeed tried to argue that the moral obligation to obey the law depends on features that are not essential to the existence of a legal system and that when missing then do not affect the effectiveness of such a system. I would argue that the identification of law being a matter of factual conditions can’t give rise to an obligation of a moral nature and thus can’t be derived from moral obligations as consent, fair play or co-ordination matters as it has been previously argued. The past debates have focused on the determination of such an obligation when the law was â€Å"grossly unjust† but what will be asserted is no obligation exists even when the legal system is just. According to Finnis, law is the instrument to promote the common good and help one to achieve the realization of the basic human goods. A law is valid because â€Å"it takes place in a scheme of practical reasoning whose practical starting point is the range of basic ways in which human well-being can be promoted and protected, the way picked out in practical reason’s first principles†. Law is described as â€Å"seamless web† that is as being the common denominator for men’s action and thus serve co-ordination purposes. Coordination appears through a legitimate authority to promulgate valid laws which and offer a necessary clarity and the identification of practical solutions due to the variety of actions available for one person. It is the value of the Rule of law that gives the legal system its distinctive entitlement to be treated as the source of authoritative solutions. It is important because recalcitrance is always possible even when one benefits from the cooperation. Although Finnis acknowledges the possibility that one may have other considerations to obey the law, he asserts that law comes as an authoritative source to help you choose when confronted to different basic human goods, as to tip the balance in favor of the obligation voiced by the law. Therefore, law might have a moral force here. As he puts it, â€Å"one aspect of the common good is being a ‘law abiding citizen and to be a law abiding citizen requires obeying the law even when one does not see an independent reason to do what the law requires†. The identification of the solution helps determine the pattern of behavior that one must adopt and from which the benefits depend. Whilst Positivists agree, they refute the argument that moral and laws have to be necessarily connected. Indeed being legally obliged does not entail being morally obliged. One of the most contributive philosophers on this theory appears to be H. L. A Hart to whom an obligation is general demand for conformity in addition to a social pressure on the deviants and the requirements of sacrifices on the law-abiding. Hart explains the existence of a legal system by the reunion of two perspectives usually respectively attributed to naturalist and positivist. In this way, asserting that one legal system can’t be grounded on the mere existence of an external point of view, that is to say to have an external observer who admits a particular groups behave in a certain way and accepts the rules as binding them. Indeed, the perspective is complete when the internal point of view of those subjects to the law acknowledges there are reasons for obeying the laws which gives rise to an obligation. In this sense, Hart makes a true connection with natural law theorists. However, Hart denies that his depiction of the internal point of view is of a moral nature. According to him obedience and acceptance of the rules are two distinctive features as â€Å"acceptance does not impart moral approbation of the rule, nor even belief that there are adequate moral reasons for obeying it†. In Hart’s own terms: â€Å"What is necessary is that there should be a critical reflective attitude to certain pattern of behavior as a common standard and that this should display itself in criticism , demanding for conformity and in acknowledgement that such criticisms and demands are justified, all of which find their characteristic in the normative terminology of ‘ought’, ‘must’, ‘should’, ‘right and ‘wrong’. Hart’s argument is strikingly ambiguous as this terminology mentioned as such directly refers to the vocabulary of morality. One can fairly question the connection Hart makes between morality and law and wonders if that argument does not contribute in far to blur the dividing line between these two. Hart’s response to that point is that the terminology is common to the language of law and of morals. He goes further by claiming that being legally under an obligation has a very different meaning than being morally obliged as one can face a great variety reasons on whether to obey the law, even those of which who appears to be unjustified from a moral perspective. Instinctively, Hart’s attempt to defend his position on the dividing line between a moral and a legal obligation seems to fail and does not serve the cause of the skeptics to affirm there is no moral obligation to obey the law. Indeed, how can you conjugate the need that ‘the criticisms and demands are justified’ when the lawmakers can still accept law as a fact but that morally it is possible that ‘they ought not to accept it’. It appears as paradox because it is more likely than those demands will not be justified. Therefore, Hart’s failure to demonstrate a clear separation of law and morals leads to the failure to prove the non-existence of moral obligation to obey the law. We must then analyze Hart’s contemporaries work to demonstrate that there is no general obligation to obey the law grounded on moral considerations. I would argue that the mere fact that law has the status of law and is the result of a technically-valid process does not necessarily give rise to a moral obligation due to the variety of factual conditions that governs the obedience. Then, one must deny the existence of a general obligation to obey all laws at all time. However, some legal theorists tried to derive such an obligation derived from moral considerations as consent, fair play or co-ordination matters. Indeed, following Aquinas theory, the legitimacy of the legal system was the starting point of his analyses. In Aquinas’s term, it is legitimate when law conforms to natural law as being the direct participation in the mind of God, whose perfection can be grasped by the use of reason. Thus, positive law derived from natural law has necessarily gives rise to a duty to obey the law even where the law would be morally optional. The law here serves as a purpose of realize one’s human nature. According to Aquinas, we have to foster just institutions: â€Å"positive laws are either just or unjust. If they are just they have the power in binding in conscience, a power which comes from the Eternal law from which they are derived†. Law is the result of human-made and is a matter of fact, thus it is obvious that factual reasons are there. Positivists support a different view on which the validity of law is independent from its worth. Smith’s article is the most persuasive and detailed account of the demonstration that no obligation can be voiced in general terms. Smith questions the existence of a â€Å"prima facie obligation to obey the law† which is the case if â€Å"a person A [has] to do an act X if, and only if, there is a moral reason for S to do X which is such that, unless he has moral reason not to do X at least as strong as his reason to do X, S’s failure to do X is wrong†. Smith answers the claims that such an obligation can be grounded on the gratitude agents must have toward their government for providing benefits. On this view, one person who accepts the benefits has a debt towards the benefactor. As much as the argument sounds convincing, Smith point out that â€Å"if someone confers benefits on me without any consideration of whether I want them, and if he does this in order to advance some purpose other than promotion of my particular welfare, I have no obligation to be grateful towards him†. Indeed, such an obligation would be indeed verified if one had the choice of benefiting from the state’s enforcement of law. However, in our society, no one has the a genuine option which puts them in a position to choose whether to accept or not these benefits then I hardly seen how one has to show its gratitude for something that is imposed on them, no matter how supposedly beneficial it is. Moreover, Smiths fairly notes that obedience is only a possibility to show your gratitude and that the latter can be expressed in different ways which depends on the extent of the benefit. A comparison has often been made between the argument of gratitude and the one a child must express towards its parents. As much as it is true that children should feel grateful for what their parents have done for them, it is frankly odd to claim grown-ups owe obedience to their parents. It clearly establishes that gratitude offers at best a partial answer whether there is an obligation. Aware of these insufficiencies, legal theories shifted the right to gratitude from the benefactor to the agents who submitted. It was first voiced by John Rawls who argued that one has an obligation because he lives in a scheme of mutual cooperation and benefits from the submission of his fellow citizens. Most strikingly, Hart’s also argued that such an obligation existed and was due to citizen who abided by the law and not to government: â€Å"When a number of persons conduct any joint enterprise according to rules and thus restrict their liberty, those who have submitted to these restrictions when required have a right to a similar submission from those who have benefited by their submission†. What is at stake is that those who submit realize some are taking advantage of their submission to disobey the law and still benefits from other’s submission. This could encourage those who submit to think their sacrifices are not being rewarded and eventually see not point in submitting either. The duty of fair-play thus incites everyone to play the game of a social mutual cooperation to avoid general disobedience. As Smith pointed out, the argument, as much as interesting it is, imply that this mutual cooperation benefits all the members of the society. Such a perfect cooperation is unrealistic as agents are confronted to a variety of basic human goods and that cooperation does not always serve their interest. Moreover, as he fairly noted, not all type of disobedience effectively leads to cause harm to other agents and then Hart’s and Rawl’s arguments fail. Indeed, he argues that such disobedience to the traffic code very frequently is unnoticed and then causes no harm. Then as much as gratitude is insufficient, fair play offers at least a partial answer as it cannot account for a general situation. Therefore, some theorists tried to ground such an obligation on the consent one has previously given to the authority of law. According to them, It is of course an indirect consent through the process of voting. John Locked argued that the â€Å"purpose of an election is to give authority to the people who win it† and that you acknowledges, if you’re part of the majority, that laws passed under such a government are justified and then you will most likely obey the laws you agreed on when voting – since you know candidate’s program and the content of the laws that ought to be passed. On that view, those who are not part of the winning majority still accept the laws as they know they would have expected such a pattern of conduct if they had been in the winning position. Smith offers a persuasive counter-argument by saying voting might give rise to a duty to obey the law, as much as you’re part of the eligible. If you’re ineligible, it is hard to ground such an obligation because there is no consent to the authority that has been elected. Then, such an obligation certainly cannot be expressed in general terms but must account for the variety of specific situations. Eventually, Smith discusses the opportunity that such an obligation could be grounded on a principle of utility. Bentham argued that a man’s action was influenced by his desire to find pleasure and avoid evil which gave a starting point for John Austin’s account of law as being an order backed up by a threat that would cause evil in case of disobedience. In such a case, the moral duty is grounded on the consequences of disobedience. Government aims at securing Common Good and promoting the basic human goods. In the absence of such coordination, agents are left to their primary condition that being the state of nature first voiced by Aquinas, and rendered famous by Locke and Rousseau. Law appears to secure happiness and without acceptance to its authority, no government can last longer. Positivists do agree that grossly unjust legal systems are not denying that central quality of legal system but that their longevity will be at stake. However, they legitimately opposed one counter-argument to that theory based on the principle of utility. Smith remarks that disobedience to law does not always lead to bad consequences. If so, the argument fails because the like hood of getting affected by evil is not feasible. He even goes further by asserting that disobedience can even have good consequences. Finally, one cannot deny the possibility that such consent could be grounded on morally questionable content. Bix questioned that possibility that one could consent to being another person’s slave. According to that theory of consent, the simple existence of a promise would give rise to a moral duty to obey. With Bix’s remarks on the question, one can rightly see the contradiction. Therefore, in the light of Bix’s remark, the consent is clearly insufficient to give rise to a moral duty when confronted to a â€Å"truly evil regime† but may be a plausible answer in a fair legal system. We will see that Joseph Raz attempted to prove that such an obligation does not even exist in a fair legal system. Joseph Raz, a follower of Smith in so many points, opposed to Finnis on the connection between authority of law and moral considerations. Raz does not deny that one may have moral reasons for obeying the law but that they only are additional to the prudential reasons which are essential to our obedience to law. Even though he shares Finnis’s position on law having its central feature as securing cooperation, he argues that the patterns of cooperation are numerous and do not have to take the form of a law. According to him, it does not matter if the cooperation is maintained by a law or any other means. Finnis strongly disagreed on that point because law appears to be the only acceptable scheme of cooperation and that the status of law has an impact on agent’s practical reason. Indeed, in his article on that matter, Finnis proves his point with the example of river pollution. He acknowledges that a farmer may have other interests than precluding river pollution and that law might not serve its interests. However, according to him the mere fact that law has the status of law when the farmer is confronted to various human goods and has different interests at stake, the authority of law helps to tip the balance in one way more than another. Therefore, law plays the role of the identification of the solution and as a guideline. Raz offers a different interpretation of how the law secures the common good without this time having to resort to moral considerations. David Ingram fairly resumes Raz’s position as following: â€Å"Laws and legal systems that embody the rule of can aim at morally bad and unjust purposes so long as they respect individuals’ freedom and dignity as rational choosers. But this ‘inner morality’ (As Lon Fuller refers to it) contains a minimal level of justice and goodness. It satisfies the principle of formal justice in treating everyone as equally subject to the law and equally capable of rationally abiding by it [†¦]. The law satisfies the principle of ubstantive justice in treating each individual as a free, rational agent with certain basic rights. Finally, the rule of laws satisfies the common good by creating a stable framework for allowing people to pursue their own – and society’s – good† Therefore as long as law satisfies those conditions, it does not have to be morally justified. The law is given the quality of law independently from all moral considera tions as long as it satisfies factual requirements. On the contrary, according to Finnis, the moral obligation necessarily follows from that satisfaction because it is law in its â€Å"fullest sense†. According to Raz, Finnis’s assertion of the existence of moral obligation to obey laws that are legally valid and are inserted in a just system appears to be â€Å"at best redundant†. Indeed, if one lives in a just system, he will most likely have prior reasons to conform to it because of the status of â€Å"just system†. Suppose one lives in just legal system, they do not need a law to be passed to be told they are living in a just system. The mere fact that it is a fair legal system will most likely preclude one from contesting or opposing it. Therefore, the motivations preceding the law are independent of the obligation to obey the law because â€Å"the law says so†. It appears to be quite obvious then that the status of law adds no moral force in a just legal system and would indeed be redundant in Raz’s own terms. Eventually, the central claim of positivists is that laws can be trivial and that sometimes their disobedience can be unnoticed. Even if you can question the â€Å"cynical view one has toward a legal system in which he will disobey every laws he is sure he will not be caught, it does not undermine the system as long as it does not affect the law abiding citizens. What has been highlighted is that obedience is not necessary to ensure a system’s effectiveness. Human laws frequently answer needs that are relevant to a given period of time and for a specific circumstance. It would be dubious to require agents to feel morally obliged by laws that are outdated and that would render no good when obeyed. The authority of law is effective when it is possible to make a distinction between laws that are actual and that are not outweighed by higher moral consideration – which gives rise to a prima facie obligation – and those who are the answer to specific demand to which bedience would be at best useless or worse counter-productive. Asserting that there is no necessary connection between law and morality, one can obviously say that the violation of the law is not always morally wrong just because it is law. In certain cases, the violation of the law can even be justified. That sustains the argument that no general obligation can be grounded because of the existence of a multiple schema of obedience and specific circumstances under which disobedience is harmful or even further, justified. The extent of the duty depends on factual considerations independent from law technically acquiring the feature of law or from the quality of fairness of the system. They all agree that there are a core of situations under which you may feel morally obliged. Whilst Natural law theorist refers to it as sufficient to ground a moral duty, most of the positivist claims that beyond this backbone, the extent of the obligation is most likely to differ. .